.. _sphx_glr_api_gallery_analytical_titration:

Titration curves
------------------

Potentiometric redox (Nernst) and EDTA complexometric titration curves,
with equivalence points located by steepest change or by a Gran plot.


.. raw:: html

  <div id='sg-tag-list' class='sphx-glr-tag-list'></div>


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    <div class="sphx-glr-thumbnails">

.. thumbnail-parent-div-open

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    <div class="sphx-glr-thumbcontainer" tooltip="RedoxTitration computes the electrode potential during a redox titration from the Nernst equation, E=E^\circ-\frac{RT}{nF}\ln Q: before equivalence the analyte couple sets E, after it the titrant couple does. At half-equivalence E=E^\circ_1 exactly, at twice the equivalence volume E=E^\circ_2, and the endpoint is read, as in the laboratory, at the steepest rise of E.">

.. only:: html

  .. image:: /api/gallery/analytical/titration/images/thumb/sphx_glr_plot_01_nernst_redox_titration_thumb.png
    :alt:

  :doc:`/api/gallery/analytical/titration/plot_01_nernst_redox_titration`

.. raw:: html

      <div class="sphx-glr-thumbnail-title">The Nernst equation in a potentiometric redox titration</div>
    </div>


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    <div class="sphx-glr-thumbcontainer" tooltip="EDTATitration follows M+Y\rightleftharpoons MY through its conditional formation constant K_f&#x27;. The same EDTA titrant quantifies any metal it binds strongly enough; the size of the pM break at equivalence is set by K_f&#x27;, which is why Schwarzenbach&#x27;s titrations are run in a buffer at a pH where K_f&#x27; is large.">

.. only:: html

  .. image:: /api/gallery/analytical/titration/images/thumb/sphx_glr_plot_02_edta_complexometric_titration_thumb.png
    :alt:

  :doc:`/api/gallery/analytical/titration/plot_02_edta_complexometric_titration`

.. raw:: html

      <div class="sphx-glr-thumbnail-title">EDTA complexometric titration of a metal ion</div>
    </div>


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    <div class="sphx-glr-thumbcontainer" tooltip="gran_plot linearizes the buffer region of a weak-acid titration: V_b\,10^{-pH}=K_a(V_e-V_b). Plotting the left side against V_b gives a straight line whose x-intercept is the equivalence volume and whose slope is -K_a, so the endpoint follows from data taken well before it.">

.. only:: html

  .. image:: /api/gallery/analytical/titration/images/thumb/sphx_glr_plot_03_gran_plot_thumb.png
    :alt:

  :doc:`/api/gallery/analytical/titration/plot_03_gran_plot`

.. raw:: html

      <div class="sphx-glr-thumbnail-title">Gran plot: the equivalence point by linear extrapolation</div>
    </div>


.. thumbnail-parent-div-close

.. raw:: html

    </div>


.. toctree::
   :hidden:

   /api/gallery/analytical/titration/plot_01_nernst_redox_titration
   /api/gallery/analytical/titration/plot_02_edta_complexometric_titration
   /api/gallery/analytical/titration/plot_03_gran_plot