.. _sphx_glr_api_gallery_solutions_activity:

Activity coefficients
----------------------

The Debye-Huckel limiting law, Guntelberg's extended law, and the Davies
equation for activity coefficients as a function of ionic strength.


.. raw:: html

  <div id='sg-tag-list' class='sphx-glr-tag-list'></div>


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    <div class="sphx-glr-thumbnails">

.. thumbnail-parent-div-open

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    <div class="sphx-glr-thumbcontainer" tooltip="Debye and Huckel&#x27;s screening theory predicts that at low ionic strength">

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  .. image:: /api/gallery/solutions/activity/images/thumb/sphx_glr_plot_01_debye_huckel_limiting_law_thumb.png
    :alt:

  :doc:`/api/gallery/solutions/activity/plot_01_debye_huckel_limiting_law`

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      <div class="sphx-glr-thumbnail-title">The Debye-Huckel limiting law: log gamma is linear in the square root of I</div>
    </div>


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    <div class="sphx-glr-thumbcontainer" tooltip="The limiting law treats ions as point charges and over-corrects above I \approx 0.01 mol/L. Guntelberg&#x27;s extended form adds a finite-size denominator with a single universal size parameter, Ba \approx 1,">

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  .. image:: /api/gallery/solutions/activity/images/thumb/sphx_glr_plot_02_guntelberg_extended_law_thumb.png
    :alt:

  :doc:`/api/gallery/solutions/activity/plot_02_guntelberg_extended_law`

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      <div class="sphx-glr-thumbnail-title">Guntelberg's extended law: correcting Debye-Huckel for finite ion size</div>
    </div>


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    <div class="sphx-glr-thumbcontainer" tooltip="Measured activity coefficients fall with ionic strength, pass through a minimum, and rise again in concentrated solutions -- behaviour no pure screening law reproduces. Davies added an empirical term linear in I to Guntelberg&#x27;s form,">

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  .. image:: /api/gallery/solutions/activity/images/thumb/sphx_glr_plot_03_davies_equation_thumb.png
    :alt:

  :doc:`/api/gallery/solutions/activity/plot_03_davies_equation`

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      <div class="sphx-glr-thumbnail-title">The Davies equation: activity coefficients that turn back up</div>
    </div>


.. thumbnail-parent-div-close

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    </div>


.. toctree::
   :hidden:

   /api/gallery/solutions/activity/plot_01_debye_huckel_limiting_law
   /api/gallery/solutions/activity/plot_02_guntelberg_extended_law
   /api/gallery/solutions/activity/plot_03_davies_equation