.. DO NOT EDIT.
.. THIS FILE WAS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED BY SPHINX-GALLERY.
.. TO MAKE CHANGES, EDIT THE SOURCE PYTHON FILE:
.. "api/gallery/atmosphere/plot_01_torricelli_barometer.py"
.. LINE NUMBERS ARE GIVEN BELOW.

.. only:: html

    .. note::
        :class: sphx-glr-download-link-note

        :ref:`Go to the end <sphx_glr_download_api_gallery_atmosphere_plot_01_torricelli_barometer.py>`
        to download the full example code or to run this example in your browser via JupyterLite.

.. rst-class:: sphx-glr-example-title

.. _sphx_glr_api_gallery_atmosphere_plot_01_torricelli_barometer.py:


Torricelli's barometer (1643)
=============================

Evangelista Torricelli filled a glass tube with mercury and upended it in a
dish. The column fell to about 76 cm and left a vacuum above it: the weight of
the air holds the mercury up. A water barometer needs a column 13.6 times
taller, which is why pumps cannot lift water more than about 10 m.

.. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 10-32



.. image-sg:: /api/gallery/atmosphere/images/sphx_glr_plot_01_torricelli_barometer_001.png
   :alt: Columns balancing one atmosphere, Barometer reading
   :srcset: /api/gallery/atmosphere/images/sphx_glr_plot_01_torricelli_barometer_001.png
   :class: sphx-glr-single-img


.. rst-class:: sphx-glr-script-out

 .. code-block:: none

    {'mercury': '0.760 m', 'sea water': '10.080 m', 'water': '10.333 m'}






|

.. code-block:: Python


    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    import numpy as np

    from earthsciencekit.atmosphere import barometer_column_height
    from earthsciencekit.constants import GRAVITY

    liquids = {"mercury": 13595.1, "sea water": 1025.0, "water": 999.97}
    heights = {name: float(barometer_column_height(101325, density, GRAVITY)) for name, density in liquids.items()}
    assert abs(heights["mercury"] - 0.760) < 1e-3
    assert np.isclose(heights["water"] / heights["mercury"], liquids["mercury"] / liquids["water"])
    print({name: f"{h:.3f} m" for name, h in heights.items()})

    pressure = np.linspace(95e3, 105e3, 101)
    fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(10, 3.5))
    axes[0].bar(list(heights), list(heights.values()), color=["0.4", "tab:cyan", "tab:blue"])
    axes[0].set(ylabel="column height [m]", title="Columns balancing one atmosphere")
    axes[1].plot(pressure / 100, barometer_column_height(pressure, liquids["mercury"], GRAVITY) * 1000)
    axes[1].set(xlabel="air pressure [hPa]", ylabel="mercury column [mm]", title="Barometer reading")
    fig.tight_layout()

    plt.show()


.. rst-class:: sphx-glr-timing

   **Total running time of the script:** (0 minutes 0.166 seconds)


.. _sphx_glr_download_api_gallery_atmosphere_plot_01_torricelli_barometer.py:

.. only:: html

  .. container:: sphx-glr-footer sphx-glr-footer-example

    .. container:: lite-badge

      .. image:: images/jupyterlite_badge_logo.svg
        :target: ../../../lite/lab/index.html?path=api/gallery/atmosphere/plot_01_torricelli_barometer.ipynb
        :alt: Launch JupyterLite
        :width: 150 px

    .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-jupyter

      :download:`Download Jupyter notebook: plot_01_torricelli_barometer.ipynb <plot_01_torricelli_barometer.ipynb>`

    .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-python

      :download:`Download Python source code: plot_01_torricelli_barometer.py <plot_01_torricelli_barometer.py>`

    .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-zip

      :download:`Download zipped: plot_01_torricelli_barometer.zip <plot_01_torricelli_barometer.zip>`


.. only:: html

 .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-signature

    `Gallery generated by Sphinx-Gallery <https://sphinx-gallery.github.io>`_