.. _sphx_glr_api_gallery_materials_composites:

Composites
----------

Rules of mixtures and the bounds on a composite's stiffness.


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    <div class="sphx-glr-thumbcontainer" tooltip="How stiff is a mixture of two phases? Woldemar Voigt (1889) averaged the elastic constants of the crystals in a polycrystal on the assumption that all of them strain alike; Adolf Reuss (1929) averaged the compliances on the assumption that all carry the same stress. For a fibre composite the two assumptions are exact along and across the fibres (~engineeringkit.materials.rule_of_mixtures_E_longitudinal, rule_of_mixtures_E_transverse), and Hill (1952) proved that every other arrangement lies between them. The example builds both from springs and checks a glass-epoxy laminate.">

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  .. image:: /api/gallery/materials/composites/images/thumb/sphx_glr_plot_01_voigt_reuss_bounds_thumb.png
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  :doc:`/api/gallery/materials/composites/plot_01_voigt_reuss_bounds`

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      <div class="sphx-glr-thumbnail-title">Voigt and Reuss: bounds on a composite's stiffness (1889-1929)</div>
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    </div>


.. toctree::
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   /api/gallery/materials/composites/plot_01_voigt_reuss_bounds