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Curves#

Topological invariants of closed curves: linking and turning numbers.

Gauss’s linking number (1833)

Gauss's linking number (1833)

Hopf’s Umlaufsatz: the turning number of a closed curve (1935)

Hopf's Umlaufsatz: the turning number of a closed curve (1935)

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The Mayer-Vietoris sequence (1929-1930)

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Gauss’s linking number (1833)
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