Attacks and their probabilities

Catching up from behind, double spending, and selfish mining.

The gambler’s ruin: catching up from behind (Pascal, Fermat and Huygens 1656)

The gambler's ruin: catching up from behind (Pascal, Fermat and Huygens 1656)

How many confirmations? Nakamoto’s double-spend calculation (2008)

How many confirmations? Nakamoto's double-spend calculation (2008)

Selfish mining: majority is not enough (Eyal and Sirer 2014)

Selfish mining: majority is not enough (Eyal and Sirer 2014)