Hashing

Attacks on hash functions and the constructions that answer them: the birthday bound, Merkle-Damgard and length extension, HMAC, and SHA-256.

The birthday attack on hash functions (Yuval 1979)

The birthday attack on hash functions (Yuval 1979)

The Merkle-Damgard construction and length extension (1989)

The Merkle-Damgard construction and length extension (1989)

HMAC: keyed hashing that resists length extension (1996)

HMAC: keyed hashing that resists length extension (1996)

SHA-256 and the avalanche effect (FIPS 180-2, 2002)

SHA-256 and the avalanche effect (FIPS 180-2, 2002)