Pairing-based SNARKs#

Polynomial commitments, quadratic arithmetic programs, Groth16, trusted setups, and PLONK.

Kate-Zaverucha-Goldberg commitments: one point per polynomial (2010)

Kate-Zaverucha-Goldberg commitments: one point per polynomial (2010)

Quadratic arithmetic programs and Pinocchio: a circuit as one divisibility (2013)

Quadratic arithmetic programs and Pinocchio: a circuit as one divisibility (2013)

Groth16: three group elements per proof (2016)

Groth16: three group elements per proof (2016)

Trusted-setup ceremonies: Zcash’s parameters and the powers of tau (2016)

Trusted-setup ceremonies: Zcash's parameters and the powers of tau (2016)

PLONK: permutation arguments and a universal setup (2019)

PLONK: permutation arguments and a universal setup (2019)