Merkle trees

Inclusion proofs, ambiguity attacks, append-only logs, and mountain ranges.

Merkle trees: authenticate one item with a short proof (Merkle 1979)

Merkle trees: authenticate one item with a short proof (Merkle 1979)

Two lists, one root: the duplicated-leaf ambiguity (CVE-2012-2459)

Two lists, one root: the duplicated-leaf ambiguity (CVE-2012-2459)

Append-only logs: consistency proofs (Certificate Transparency 2013)

Append-only logs: consistency proofs (Certificate Transparency 2013)

Merkle mountain ranges: an append-only accumulator (Todd 2016)

Merkle mountain ranges: an append-only accumulator (Todd 2016)