Atomic line spectra

Discrete atomic lines as chemical fingerprints: Fraunhofer’s dark solar lines, Kirchhoff and Bunsen’s flame emission and absorption spectra, and the Balmer-Rydberg formula for the hydrogen series.

Fraunhofer’s dark lines: sharp absorption lines at fixed wavelengths in the solar spectrum

Fraunhofer's dark lines: sharp absorption lines at fixed wavelengths in the solar spectrum

Kirchhoff and Bunsen’s flame spectra: bright emission lines and matching dark absorption lines

Kirchhoff and Bunsen's flame spectra: bright emission lines and matching dark absorption lines

The hydrogen spectrum: Balmer’s formula, the Rydberg series, and Bohr’s energy levels

The hydrogen spectrum: Balmer's formula, the Rydberg series, and Bohr's energy levels