Hydrogen orbitals#

Wilson-Sommerfeld elliptical orbits and fine structure, Pauli’s exclusion principle and spin matrices, radial wavefunctions, the hydrogen energy-level ladder, 3D volumetric electron-density rendering, and an animated two-eigenstate superposition beating at the Bohr frequency.

Hydrogen orbitals

Hydrogen orbitals

Pauli’s exclusion principle and spin matrices

Pauli's exclusion principle and spin matrices

Wilson-Sommerfeld quantization: elliptical orbits and fine structure

Wilson-Sommerfeld quantization: elliptical orbits and fine structure