Magnetohydrodynamics#

Treats the plasma as a single conducting fluid rather than a collection of orbiting particles: the characteristic Alfven and magnetosonic wave speeds (alfven_speed(), magnetosonic_speeds()); static toroidal equilibrium via the Grad-Shafranov equation (solve_grad_shafranov(), safety_factor_large_aspect_ratio()); and resistive magnetic reconnection, comparing the classic Sweet-Parker model against Petschek’s faster X-point revision (sweet_parker_rate(), petschek_rate()).

Alfven waves and the magnetosonic wave-speed diagram

Alfven waves and the magnetosonic wave-speed diagram

The Sweet-Parker reconnection-rate bottleneck

The Sweet-Parker reconnection-rate bottleneck

Solving the Grad-Shafranov equation for nested flux surfaces

Solving the Grad-Shafranov equation for nested flux surfaces

Petschek vs. Sweet-Parker reconnection

Petschek vs. Sweet-Parker reconnection