Single-particle motion#
Charged-particle motion in electromagnetic fields, in two complementary
pictures: the exact Lorentz-force orbit integrated with the
energy-conserving Boris pusher
(boris_integrate()), and the
guiding-center picture that averages over the fast gyration to track only
the slow drift of the orbit’s center
(exb_drift(),
grad_b_drift(),
curvature_drift()) and the
adiabatic invariant responsible for magnetic mirror confinement
(magnetic_moment(),
magnetic_mirror_bounce()).
Guiding-center drifts and magnetic mirror confinement
Guiding-center drifts and magnetic mirror confinement
Recovering the ExB drift as a time-average of the full orbit
Recovering the ExB drift as a time-average of the full orbit