Mixtures and colligative properties

Raoult’s-law P-x-y diagrams, Henry’s law for dilute solutes, van’t Hoff’s osmotic pressure and the colligative properties, and the Margules, Wilson, NRTL and UNIQUAC activity-coefficient models for non-ideal solutions: the ethanol-water azeotrope, liquid-liquid phase splitting, and the combinatorial/residual decomposition.

Raoult’s law and the P-x-y diagram of an ideal solution

Raoult's law and the P-x-y diagram of an ideal solution

Henry’s law: the dilute-solute limit of a real solution

Henry's law: the dilute-solute limit of a real solution

van’t Hoff’s osmotic pressure law, Pi = iMRT

van't Hoff's osmotic pressure law, Pi = iMRT

Margules activity coefficients: deviations from Raoult’s law

Margules activity coefficients: deviations from Raoult's law

Wilson’s local-composition model: the ethanol-water azeotrope

Wilson's local-composition model: the ethanol-water azeotrope

NRTL: a non-ideal liquid that splits into two phases

NRTL: a non-ideal liquid that splits into two phases

UNIQUAC: separating molecular size from molecular energy

UNIQUAC: separating molecular size from molecular energy