Mixtures and colligative properties

Raoult’s-law P-x-y diagrams, Henry’s law for dilute solutes, van’t Hoff’s osmotic pressure and the colligative properties, and Margules activity coefficients for non-ideal solutions.

Raoult’s law and the P-x-y diagram of an ideal solution

Raoult's law and the P-x-y diagram of an ideal solution

Henry’s law: the dilute-solute limit of a real solution

Henry's law: the dilute-solute limit of a real solution

van’t Hoff’s osmotic pressure law, Pi = iMRT

van't Hoff's osmotic pressure law, Pi = iMRT

Margules activity coefficients: deviations from Raoult’s law

Margules activity coefficients: deviations from Raoult's law