Stability

Characteristic roots, the Routh and Hurwitz tests and Lyapunov functions.

Maxwell’s “On Governors”: stability from characteristic roots

Maxwell's "On Governors": stability from characteristic roots

Routh’s stability criterion

Routh's stability criterion

Lyapunov’s direct method

Lyapunov's direct method

Hurwitz’s determinant test

Hurwitz's determinant test