Stability

Characteristic roots, the Routh and Hurwitz tests and Lyapunov functions.

Maxwell’s “On Governors”: stability from characteristic roots (1868)

Maxwell's "On Governors": stability from characteristic roots (1868)

Routh’s stability criterion (1877)

Routh's stability criterion (1877)

Lyapunov’s direct method (1892)

Lyapunov's direct method (1892)

Hurwitz’s determinant test (1895)

Hurwitz's determinant test (1895)