Examples#
This gallery walks through every public feature of
engineeringkit.heat_transfer, one breakthrough per script: Newton’s
cooling and the convection correlations, transient conduction from Biot to
Heisler, Fourier’s law, fins and finite differences, blackbody radiation and
view factors and the radiation network, phase change, and heat exchangers.
Units, assumptions and numerical validation
gives the physical validity limits. Each script is self-contained and can be
run directly with python examples/heat_transfer/<section>/<script>.py.
Sections#
convection – Newton’s law of cooling, the Dittus-Boelter and Churchill-Chu correlations, Graetz’s tube flow, Pohlhausen’s flat plate, the Chilton-Colburn analogy, Žukauskas’s tube banks and Churchill and Bernstein’s cylinder.
transient – Biot’s number, Kelvin’s age of the Earth and Heisler’s charts.
conduction – Fourier’s law, Harper and Brown’s fins and the Crank-Nicolson scheme.
radiation – Kirchhoff’s law, Stefan-Boltzmann, Wien’s displacement, Nusselt’s view factors and Oppenheim’s network.
phase_change – Stefan’s ice problem, Nusselt’s film condensation, the boiling curve and Rohsenow’s nucleate boiling.
exchangers – Kays and London’s effectiveness-NTU method and Bowman, Mueller and Nagle’s correction factor.
Conduction#
Fourier’s law, thermal resistances, shape factors, fins and finite-difference conduction in one and two dimensions.
Convection#
Newton cooling, Nusselt-number correlations for forced and natural convection, laminar tube flow and the heat and mass transfer analogy.
Dittus and Boelter: turbulent pipe convection (1930)
Churchill and Chu: natural convection over all Rayleigh numbers (1975)
Churchill and Bernstein: the cylinder in crossflow (1977)
Heat exchangers#
The LMTD and effectiveness-NTU methods and the LMTD correction factor.
Kays and London: the effectiveness-NTU method (1955)
Bowman, Mueller and Nagle: the LMTD correction factor (1940)
Phase change#
Melting and freezing fronts, condensation and boiling.
Nukiyama’s boiling curve and Zuber’s critical heat flux (1934)
Radiation#
Blackbody laws, gray-surface exchange, view factors and radiation networks.
Stefan and Boltzmann: emission grows as T⁴ (1879-1884)
Transient conduction#
Lumped bodies, the semi-infinite solid, and the plane wall, cylinder and sphere.
