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Radiation#

Blackbody laws, gray-surface exchange and view factors.

Kirchhoff’s law of thermal radiation (1859)

Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation (1859)

Stefan and Boltzmann: emission grows as T⁴ (1879-1884)

Stefan and Boltzmann: emission grows as T⁴ (1879-1884)

Wien’s displacement law (1893)

Wien's displacement law (1893)

Nusselt’s unit-sphere view factor (1928)

Nusselt's unit-sphere view factor (1928)

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Nukiyama’s boiling curve and Zuber’s critical heat flux (1934)

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Kirchhoff’s law of thermal radiation (1859)
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