Radiation

Blackbody laws, gray-surface exchange, view factors and radiation networks.

Kirchhoff’s law of thermal radiation (1859)

Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation (1859)

Stefan and Boltzmann: emission grows as T⁴ (1879-1884)

Stefan and Boltzmann: emission grows as T⁴ (1879-1884)

Wien’s displacement law (1893)

Wien's displacement law (1893)

Nusselt’s unit-sphere view factor (1928)

Nusselt's unit-sphere view factor (1928)

Oppenheim’s radiation network (1956)

Oppenheim's radiation network (1956)